無機聚合材料的全球市場及其商業化產品

Global Geopolymers Market and their Commercialized Products

Prof. Dr. Ta-Wui Cheng

Geopolymer Technology Research Center

Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering

National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan ROC

Briefly CV：

Ta-Wui Cheng obtained his PhD in Department of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, School of Mines at the University of New South Wales, Australia, in 1993. He was a faculty member of the Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering at the National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, from 1994 until his retirement in 2021. His research focuses on mineral separation, waste reutilization, the development of geopolymer cement & concrete, applications of geopolymer technology, functional minerals & materials, the reutilization of incinerator ashes, etc. Professor Cheng was ranked among the world's top 2% of scientists in both career impact and single year impact categories from 2021 to 2023.

Abstract：

Geopolymers are inorganic polymer materials formed by the reaction of aluminosilicate raw materials (such as fly ash, slag, or metakaolin) with an alkaline activator. They offer several advantages, including high compressive strength, heat resistance, and chemical stability. Unlike traditional Portland cement, geopolymers have significantly lower CO₂ emissions during production, as they do not require the high-temperature calcination of limestone. Due to their eco-friendly production and excellent performance characteristics, geopolymer have been gradually attracting world attention as potentially revolutionary green materials.

The Geopolymer Market size is estimated at USD 14.76 billion in 2024, and is expected to reach USD 53.36 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 29.32% during the forecast period (2024-2029). Global geopolymers market drivers include: (1) Environmental regulations and emission pressure on the cement industry; (2) Increased demand from the repair and rehabilitation market; (3) Consumers are becoming more aware of the benefits of geopolymer products; (4) Promotion of green, sustainable and circular economy.

In this presentation, it also introduced global geopolymer commercialized products from different countries, such as, Australia, USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan, etc. The application fields include: Geopolymer cement, Geopolymer concrete, geopolymer pipe, fire resistance materials, box culverts, fence panels, noise barriers and retaining walls, etc.

Keywords：Global Geopolymers Market, Commercialized Products

講題2

無機聚合物混凝土之發展與實務應用

Development and Practical Application of Geopolymer Concrete

Emeritus Prof. Ta-Peng Chang, Ph.D., P.E.

National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech), , Taiwan ROC.

Briefly CV：

Graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Illinois, U.S.A., with a Doctoral Degree in 1985, Prof. Chang had been a faculty member of the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Taiwan Tech, Taiwan, since 1990 and was retired in 2022. His research interests included construction materials, geopolymer paste/concrete, non-destructive testing techniques of construction materials, granular mechanics, etc. He has published more than 200 international and domestic Journal/Conference papers.

Abstract：

Geopolymer is an inorganic and amorphous binder that was produced by the alkali activation of aluminosilicates source materials, either from the natural resources or industrial wastes, such as clay, kaolinite, red mud, fly ashes, slags, etc., whose name was coined by Davidovits in 1978. However, the early development and application of similar materials started in 1950s by Glukhovsky at Ukraine. Geopolymer cement is a new environmental-friendly cementitious material which can substantially reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, and the 90-day compressive strength of fly-ash based geopolymer paste was reported to reach about 70 MPa. Therefore, the geopolymer cement automatically became a competitive alternative to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to manufacture the geopolymer concrete for various applications. Compared to OPC concrete, the geopolymer concrete (GPC) can reduce up to 80% embodied carbon, up to 9% CO₂ footprint and have a 1-day and 28-day compressive strengths of 69.7 MPa and 100.7 MPa, respectively, for a fly-ash based alkali-activated fiber reinforced composites. In addition, GPC has excellent mechanical properties like high resistance to high temperatures, chemical attacks and deleterious alkali-aggregate attack, free-thaw cycles, lower void ratio, low drying shrinkage, low heat of hydration, low chloride permeability rate to protect the reinforcement steel, superior corrosion resistance, soil stabilization, etc. Therefore, the applications of GPC have substantially increased in the recent decade, which include the ground and sub-surface storage tanks for petrochemical industry, infrastructures like bridge decks, hard pavement for highway, water and sewer pipes, retaining walls, coating or covering layers for sections of steel beams/girders, underground mine seals, water tanks, railway sleepers, electric poles, marine structures, etc. Inevitably, currently there still exist several barriers for GPC concrete including the efflorescence problem due to the alkaline silicate solutions being not be entirely consumed throughout the geopolymerization process, insufficient experimental data for the long-term behavior, lack of standard and specification, etc. Future work to enhance the wide application of GPC includes further understanding on chemical mechanism of geopolymer paste, proper measurement to mitigate the potential brittleness and cracking for long-term durability, etc.

Keywords：geopolymer concrete, efflorescence, long-term behavior

講題3

以被動輻射冷卻無機聚合塗料探討低碳建築效益

The thermal performance benefits of Passive Radiative Cooling Geopolymer Coating for LC building Envelopes

Prof. Dr. Chih Hong Huang

Department of Architecture, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan ROC

Briefly CV：

Prof. Huang’s research topics in recent years include urban heat island structures, subtropical urban and building thermal performance, near-zero building technology development, ESG countermeasures, radiant cooling building coatings and asphalt concrete development etc. In collaboration with Prof. Cheng, they have developed geopolymer coating with radiative cooling effects for building envelopes.

Abstract：

Current tropical urban planning measures rarely allow urban heat to be transferred outside the urban area. They are almost invalid for improvement of UHI.

The Geopolymer cooling Coatings developed in this research can effectively send the heat contained in the concrete to high altitude in long-wave radiation, achieving heat dissipation from the building mass in urban areas.

With its high emissivity and reflectivity, this Geopolymer Coating can not only effectively reduce the embodied carbon in the construction of the building shell, but also help reduce the energy consumption of tropical buildings. It can effectively dissipate heat from building shells and urban pavements to mitigate the heat island effect in urban areas.

Keywords：Geopolymer cooling Coatings, Passive Radiative Cooling

講題4

以無機資源物應用無機聚合技術推動情形

Application of Geopolymer Technology to Inorganic Resources Reutilization

Asst. Prof. Dr. Wei-Hao Lee

Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech) Geopolymer Technology Development Research Center, National Taipei University of Technology (GP center, Taipei Tech). , Taiwan ROC

Briefly CV：

Graduated from the Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, with a Doctoral Degree in 2018. Dr. Wei-Hao Lee had been a faculty member of the Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, Taipei Tech, Taiwan, since 2021 and serve as Director of GP center, Taipei Tech, Taiwan, in 2024. His research interests included Geopolymer Technology, Waste Recycling and Reutilization, Hazardous Materials treatment, Mineral Processing…etc. He has published more than 100 international and domestic Journal/Conference papers.

Abstract：

The development of geopolymer materials has spanned over 40 years, known for their simple manufacturing processes and excellent engineering properties. Unlike traditional Portland cement, geopolymers can be produced at room temperature, leading to significant energy savings and CO₂ reduction. Recent efforts have focused on commercializing geopolymers worldwide.

Geopolymer materials share structural similarities with zeolites, offering benefits such as high porosity, heavy metal adsorption, and low thermal conductivity. Their covalent bonds also provide strong mechanical properties, weather resistance, and fire resistance.

This study investigates using geopolymer technology with aggregate sludge and EAF reduction slag to create civil engineering materials. Results show that a mix of 70% aggregate sludge and 5% EAF reduction slag can achieve 40 MPa compressive strength after 28 days. Geopolymer concrete produced with this binder meets engineering requirements with compressive and flexural strengths of 21 MPa and 4.5 MPa, respectively.

On-site testing with solid recovered fuel (SRF) fly ash, aggregate sludge and EAF reduction slag demonstrated that geopolymer technology could reduce material costs and CO₂ emissions while meeting engineering standards. This approach has great potential for utilizing various inorganic resources.

Keywords：Geopolymer technology, solid recovered fuel fly ash, aggregate sludge, EAF reduction slag, CLSM, Non-structural Concrete

講題5

Environmental impact and characterization of geopolymer precursor derived from different gasification process

Dr. Zheng-Hui Phua

Nanyang Environmental & Water Research Institute

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Briefly CV：

I have 4 years of research experiences in utilization of gasification slag derived from different sources as sustainable construction material. My research interest in geopolymer includes raw material characterization, grinding optimization for application, environmental leaching and life cycle assessment. My previous projects include a pilot scale project to construct a footpath utilizing MSW slag and the gasification of water treatment sludge for semi-structural application. I am currently working on a project to investigate the activation of ground slag powder using waste-derived alkaline materials.

Abstract：

Geopolymers has attracted increasing attention and regarded as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to the lower environmental footprint. The use of waste-derived slag as the precursors will further reduce the environmental impact and increase the resource reutilization. However, waste-derived slags have lower reactivity and more complex chemical composition than kaolinite which could affect the microstructure and performance of the geopolymer. Grindability and vitreous contents of municipal solid waste (MSW) slag and sewage sludge (SS) slag at different cooling conditions (water quenching, air-cooled and insulated) were investigated to understand its effects on crystal formation behavior and geopolymer properties. XRD results indicated that MSW slag exhibit amorphous to poly-crystalline state at different cooling methods while SS slag contains high vitreous content even when air-cooled. Particle size distribution results also indicates that SS slag has a higher grindability and lower energy requirement to achieve smaller size and potentially higher reactivity while LA abrasion results suggest that air-cooled MSW slag has greater potential as coarse aggregate. Preliminary studies indicates that both MSW slag and SS slag has potential as geopolymer precursor with the right cooling conditions, achieving compressive strength of over 10 MPa with relatively low alkaline concentration (1.5M and 2M). These results open up potential for waste heat recovery when cooling different slag and the possibility of using alkaline waste as activators to stabilize the heavy metals and closing the waste loop.

Keywords：Geopolymer precursor, gasification slag, particle size, crystallinity

講題6

Application of geopolymer concrete in Japan

Shunji AOKI

Obayashi Corporation, Japan

Briefly CV：

2009- Obayashi Corporation

2014- Research on geopolymers as heat-resistant materials.

2016- Test construction of Geopolymer.

2019- Development of improved geopolymers. Geopolymer is also attracting attention as a low-carbon material.

2020- Application of Geopolymer to Wall Repair.

2022~2024- Application of geopolymer for repair of machine foundations.

Abstract：

Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that can be produced by mixing industrial by-products such as blast furnace slag and fly ash with an aqueous alkaline solution. Since cement is not used as a raw material, the amount of carbon dioxide generated in the manufacturing process is lower than that of ordinary Portland cement concrete. It is also considered to have high heat resistance.

It should be noted that conventional geopolymer concrete has a very high viscosity and requires high-temperature steam curing to develop sufficient strength. In light of these considerations, we developed a geopolymer concrete with enhanced fluidity and applied it to the wall structures and equipment foundations of industrial plants using a concrete pump. Furthermore, the heat resistance of geopolymer concrete was assessed through heating tests in an electric furnace and exposure tests in high-temperature environments, which indicated that geopolymer concrete displays consistent strength in high-temperature conditions. It has been demonstrated that the compressive strength of Geopolymer concrete can be enhanced when heated to temperatures between 100 and 200 degrees Celsius.

Two examples of field applications of geopolymer concrete are presented: the first is the use of geopolymer concrete to wall repair in a factory in 2020; the second is the application of geopolymer concrete to repair a machine foundation in a factory that has been ongoing since 2022. In both cases, the concrete was pumped by a concrete pump truck.

Keywords：field application, ambient temperature curing, heat-resisting, Concrete pumping

講題7

Advancing Geopolymer Technology for Sustainable Material Solutions

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirithan Jiemsirilers

Upcycled Materials from Industrial and Agricultural Wastes Research Unit, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Briefly CV：

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirithan Jiemsirilers is an expert in ceramics, glasses, and geopolymers. She earned her bachelor's degree in Materials Science from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, her master's degree in Materials Science and Engineering from Vanderbilt University, USA, and her Ph.D. in Ceramic Engineering from Clemson University, USA. Dr. Jiemsirilers began her career at SCG Co. Ltd., Thailand's largest construction materials company, where she worked for five years before pursuing graduate studies in the USA. Currently, she serves as the president of The Thai Ceramic Society. Her research focuses on geopolymer technology as a material for a sustainable world, with applications ranging from construction materials and adsorbents to water treatment, green materials, and CO₂ capture. Dr. Jiemsirilers has made significant contributions to the field of geopolymers, with numerous publications highlighting her expertise.

Abstract：

This study focuses on the synthesis and applications of geopolymers, a class of inorganic polymers derived from aluminosilicate materials that offer a sustainable alternative to conventional construction materials. Geopolymer research has been driven by the need for environmentally friendly solutions that reduce CO₂ emissions, utilize industrial by-products, and provide high-performance characteristics. This work explores various aspects of geopolymer technology, including the development of novel synthesis methods to optimize mechanical properties and durability, as well as the incorporation of waste materials to enhance sustainability. Applications of geopolymers investigated in this study include their use as construction materials, adsorbents for environmental remediation, water treatment solutions, and as part of green material technologies for CO₂ capture. Advanced characterization techniques are employed to understand the microstructure, chemical composition, and performance of geopolymers under different conditions. The results demonstrate the versatility of geopolymers in various applications, emphasizing their role in promoting sustainable development and contributing to the circular economy.

Keywords：Geopolymer, Metakaolin based geopolymer, Flyash based geopolymer, Low alkali activator content

講題8

The State of Geopolymer Development in Malaysia: Current Status and Future Prospects

Ong Shee Ween

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia

Briefly CV：

I am a Ph.D. candidate at Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), with my research focused on the development of pressed geopolymers. I have authored 18 publications in prestigious journals, with 89% published in Q1 journals, 6% in Q2 journals, culminating in a total impact factor of 112. Additionally, I have contributed to 4 book chapters published by Springer, Elsevier, and Taylor & Francis Group. My academic journey is further enriched by my active participation in international conferences and mobility programs. I have also earned multiple gold medals and special awards at various local and international exhibitions.

Abstract：

The construction industry is pivotal to economic growth in Malaysia, but it poses considerable environmental issues, owing to the extensive use of ordinary Portland cement. The development of geopolymers as an alternative binder in the construction industry represents an innovative solution that could reduce carbon dioxide emissions and harness locally available industrial by-products.

This presentation will explore the state-of-the-art of geopolymer technology in Malaysia, with an emphasis on the integration of innovative materials and sustainable practices. The focus in Malaysia has been on turning local waste materials, such as fly ash and slag, into valuable resources for geopolymer production. This approach reduces reliance on costly imports and minimizes waste by utilizing local resources.

The presentation will review key projects and studies conducted by Malaysian universities and research institutions, highlighting significant breakthroughs and the potential scalability of geopolymers. Given the tropical climate of Malaysia, special attention will be given to the formulation and mechanical properties of these novel materials, particularly their resistance to harsh conditions.

Looking ahead, the presentation will examine current and future studies aimed at expanding the applications of geopolymers. This includes research into improving the performance of materials under the extreme weather conditions prevalent in Malaysia, enhancing their resistance to moisture and flooding. Future research directions also involve scaling up production processes, developing cost-effective solutions for widespread use, and integrating geopolymers with emerging construction technologies like 3D printing.

Keywords：Geopolymer; Malaysia; Mechanical properties; Sustainability

講題9

Geopolymer Related Standards/Handbooks – Australia, UK, China and Taiwan.

Prof. Dr. Ta-Wui Cheng

Geopolymer Technology Research Center

Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering

National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan ROC

Briefly CV：

Ta-Wui Cheng obtained his PhD in Department of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, School of Mines at the University of New South Wales, Australia, in 1993. He was a faculty member of the Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering at the National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, from 1994 until his retirement in 2021. His research focuses on mineral separation, waste reutilization, the development of geopolymer cement & concrete, applications of geopolymer technology, functional minerals & materials, the reutilization of incinerator ashes, etc. Professor Cheng was ranked among the world's top 2% of scientists in both career impact and single year impact categories from 2021 to 2023.

Abstract：

In order to develop geopolymer technology, the establishment of relevant standards, handbooks or specifications to be followed is the key to success. This presentation briefly introduces the following standards/handbooks for your reference:

1. CIA Z16-2011, Geopolymer Recommended Practice Handbook, Australia.

2. SA TS 199:2023, Technical Specification, Design of geopolymer and alkali-activated binder concrete structures, Australia.

3. AUSTROADS, 2016, Technical Specification ATS5330, Supply of Geopolymer Concrete, Australia.

4. PAS 8820：2016, Construction materials - Alkali-activated cementitious material and concrete – Specification, UK.

5. GB/T, 29423-2012, Alkali-activated slag-fly ash concrete for anticorrosive cement products, China.

6. Geopolymer Cement & Concrete, China Bulk Cement Promotion and Development Association (Draft for comments), China.

7. Geopolymer Green Cement and Concrete user Handbook, Bureau of Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan ROC., 2019

Keywords：Geopolymer, Standards, Specification, Handbooks

講題10

A comprehensive study of geopolymer-hemp shiv composites

Associate Professor Dr. Darunee Wattanasiriwech

School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand

Briefly CV：

Darunee Wattanasiriwech received a Bachelor’s degree from the Department of Chemistry at Kasetsart University, Thailand, and both a Master’s and PhD in Engineering Ceramics from the University of Leeds, UK. She specializes in material chemistry, focusing on hydrothermal and sol-gel synthesis. Her work in geopolymers includes synthesizing materials from various raw sources and incorporating different bio-aggregates.

Abstract：

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has recently been cultivated in many areas. Hemp shiv, a by-product of primary hemp production, is the woody core structure of the hemp stem with a bulk density of approximately 105-120 kg/m³ and a porosity of 93%. This makes it an attractive lightweight aggregate. When used in a mix design with a geopolymer binder, an excessive amount of water is required due to the hygroscopic nature of hemp shiv, which leads to delayed setting times and reduced strength. To address this, AlCl₃-KOH was proposed as a mineralizer to treat hemp shiv. The results showed that the treatment product, Al(OH)₃, served as an effective absorption barrier, allowing satisfactory geopolymerization to occur. The flexural strength of the composites was enhanced, and the fracture toughness improved steadily from 0.62 to 1.17 MPa·m¹/₂ with an increasing amount of hemp shiv. However, compressive strength and bulk density decreased with higher amounts of hemp shiv. Composites with 30-60% volume of hemp shiv met the requirements of ASTM C129-99a: Standard Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry Units. Composites with 60% and 70% volume of hemp shiv had suitable noise reduction coefficients (0.513-0.537) for acoustic board applications. The incorporation of hemp shiv improved moisture regulation, with all hemp shiv composites meeting the standard for good moisture buffering capacity set by NORDTEST (1.53-1.75 g/m²RH). In terms of durability, the thermal resistance of the composites was acceptable up to 200°C. Degradation by sulfate solution primarily affected the matrix, while the coated hemp shiv remained relatively inactive.

Keywords：geopolymer composite, hemp shiv, minerizer, moisture buffering capacity, degradation.

講題11

Revolutionizing Radiation Protection: Microwave Absorption with One-Part Geopolymer Technology.

Hang Yong Jie

Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia

Briefly CV：

I am a Ph.D. candidate in Materials Engineering at Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia. I am specializing in the development of one-part geopolymer with microwave absorption capabilities. My research has resulted in numerous high-impact publication, with 87% from Q1 journals, achieving a cumulative impact factor of 91.5. I have also authored 2 book chapters published by Elsevier and Taylor & Francis. My research garnered awards at several international conferences and exhibitions, underlining my contributions in advancing geopolymer technology and promoting sustainable construction practices. Throughout my studies, I had filed 2 patents regarding to geopolymer in Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia.

Abstract：

As urban areas increasingly rely on technologies like Wi-Fi and 5G networks, the demand for effective microwave-absorbing building materials has surged. Traditional solutions typically utilize cement composites with electromagnetic dopants such as carbon-based materials and ferrite. However, the environmental impact and sustainability of the solution are often questioned. From an environmental viewpoint, the key concerns involve the high carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. Furthermore, in a context of sustainability standpoint, these materials are criticized for their high energy consumption and production costs, which can increase significantly when electromagnetic dopants are added on a large scale.

This invited speech addresses the development and optimization of a microwave-absorbing one-part geopolymer synthesized from fly ash and ladle furnace slag, a promising alternative to cement composites. The optimization utilized experimental design and statistical methods to determine the geopolymer’s properties to meet specific needs. Key factors such as frequency, ageing time, mixing ratios, material thickness, antenna separation, and aggregate content were systematically evaluated to enhance microwave absorption capabilities. Both scientific approach and the practical applications of introducing microwave-absorbing one-part geopolymers into modern urban construction are discussed and emphasized.

Importantly, the geopolymer significantly reduces energy consumption and repurposes industrial waste, contributing to a reduced environmental footprint. The outcomes of these findings offer tangible benefits in daily life and support broader sustainability objectives.

Keywords：One-part geopolymer; Compressive strength; Microwave absorption; Sustainability

講題12

From Theory to Practice: Understanding Factors in Affecting Geopolymer Physico-Mechanical and Acoustic Properties

Lim Jia Ni

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia

Briefly CV：

I come from Materials Engineering at Universiti Malaysia Perlis, focusing on the development of the physico-mechanical and acoustic properties of geopolymers. My research has been published in a Q1 journal with an impact factor of 6.7, showcasing significant contributions to the field. I have contributed to two book chapters published by Elsevier and the Taylor & Francis Group. My work has been recognized at international conference and I was awarded a gold medal at university exhibition for my research.

Abstract：

Noise pollution has always been an issue as it can affect our mental and physical health such as causing loss of hearing and stress. Mostly, the walls of a building need to have specified acoustic properties in order to meet sound insulation and absorption requirements such as to insulate traffic, construction and machining noise from the residential district. Building materials are important as they can be applied as external cladding to reflect the sound waves away from the structure or act as an internal structure in the building walls to absorb the sound waves.

This speech focuses on how density, thickness, layering arrangement and moisture affect the physical, mechanical and acoustic properties of geopolymers. Conventional approaches to enhance sound insulation often involve increasing material density and thickness, which can be costly and impractical. When building material is in use, it inevitably encounters water or water vapor, which alters its moisture content. The moisture content, profoundly affects building materials, as it undergoes fluctuations due to environmental factors like humidity and rainfall. Currently, there is a growing demand for innovative materials that are lightweight yet excel in sound insulation. Multi-layered geopolymers could be a solution for it as the geopolymers can be produced in either dense or porous forms using the pressing and casting methods.

The findings contribute to the broader understanding of geopolymer materials, offering insights into their application in sound absorption, insulation and structural components in sustainable construction.

Keywords：Geopolymer; Physico-mechanical; Acoustic

講題13

Geopolymer Coating

Yip Yu Xin

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia

Briefly CV：

I earned a first-class degree in Materials Engineering. Following this achievement, the university offered me a direct path to a Ph.D. program. I am now in my second year as a Ph.D. candidate at Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia. During my final year project, I worked on the one-part geopolymer mortar. Extension from that, currently, my Ph.D. research focuses on developing geopolymer coatings for photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties. I earned a gold medal at the international exhibition.

Abstract：

Despite the current environment and growing environmental issues, the importance of geopolymer coating is essential. Efficient coatings play an important role as the working life of infrastructure can be extended where preservation of infrastructure can be done. By applying coating, the demand for new construction in the building industry will decrease which enables the civil engineering field to grow sustainably. Previous studies had carried out the applications of geopolymer coating mainly for fire and heat resistance, corrosion protection and thermal insulation which showed the potential value of geopolymer coating in many infrastructure and industrial applications.

This speech will focus on the development of geopolymer coating through spraying and painting methods. The optimum mixing proportion of geopolymer coating which was utilized by fly ash was determined on different types of substrates (mild steel, plywood and mortar). The coating parameters such as coating time, coating distance and coating layer were also evaluated to obtain geopolymer coating with excellent performance.

Further studies will focus on the photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties of geopolymer coating as they are closely related to the environmental issues and human health. By having these properties, geopolymer coatings have the potential to be used in hospitals, clinics and educational institutions which ensure a safer and cleaner environment by having antimicrobial protection. Since children are more prone to infections and diseases due to their developing immune systems, therefore maintaining a hygienic environment for children is of utmost importance.

As a conclusion, geopolymer coating is a crucial topic to be studied as it can prolong the lifetime of infrastructures which support sustainable development of the civil engineering field. Currently, environmental pollution, global health issues, and sustainable development are gaining more attention therefore geopolymer coating with photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties plays a significant role in establishing a more sustainable and healthier environment.

Keywords：Geopolymer coating; Spraying method; Photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties

講題14

Using Geopolymer on CO₂ Capture and Sustainable Recycling

Asst. Prof. Dr. Wei-Hao Lee

Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech).

Geopolymer Technology Development Research Center, National Taipei University of Technology (GP center, Taipei Tech), Taiwan, ROC.

Briefly CV：

Abstract：

The growing threat of climate change has significantly affected our living environment, highlighting the importance of balancing human progress with environmental sustainability. This research focused on integrating carbon dioxide into eco-friendly construction materials, specifically geopolymers, while ensuring they retain sufficient mechanical strength for practical use.

CO₂ was introduced into a NaOH solution for various periods and then used to prepare an alkaline solution for synthesizing geopolymer paste.

Several tests were performed to evaluate how different aeration times affected compressive strength and carbon capture, including FT-IR, XRD, and SEM/EDX analyses. After 3 minutes of aeration, the 28-day compressive strength reached 48 MPa, with a carbon content of 8 wt.% and a carbon sequestration rate of 23.5 wt.%. Moreover, the formation of carbonates and the optimized NaOH concentration helped to fill micro-cracks, leading to improved long-term compressive strength compared to samples without aeration.

Keywords：Geopolymer, Carbon Dioxide Capture, Carbon Sequestration